Conditions We Treat
Browse our full list of medical conditions and find the treatments available for each one.
Acoustic Neuroma
Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) is a benign Schwann cell tumour arising from the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) within the internal auditory canal. These tumours grow slowly — typically 1–2 mm per year — and progressively compress the cochlear nerve, facial nerve, and cerebellar structures as they expand toward the cerebellopontine angle.
arrow_forwardAcromegaly
Acromegaly is a chronic endocrine disorder caused by excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion, most commonly from a benign pituitary adenoma. The excess GH stimulates hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production, driving progressive skeletal overgrowth, soft tissue enlargement, and multisystem organ changes that significantly increase morbidity and mortality when untreated.
arrow_forwardArteriovenous Malformation
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a congenital vascular anomaly in which arteries connect directly to veins without an intervening capillary bed, creating a high-flow nidus that risks spontaneous haemorrhage. AVMs are the leading cause of intracerebral haemorrhage in young adults, with an annual rupture risk of 2–4 per cent.
arrow_forwardAsymmetrical Smile
Smile asymmetry occurs when midline position, gingival margin heights, tooth lengths, or arch curvature differ between the left and right sides of the face. Causes include skeletal jaw asymmetry, uneven gum levels following periodontal disease or trauma, restorations mismatched in size or shade, and tooth rotations that alter perceived alignment.
arrow_forwardBrain Aneurysm
A brain aneurysm is a pathological focal dilation of a cerebral artery wall, most commonly at bifurcation points in the Circle of Willis. The wall structure is compromised by loss of the tunica media and internal elastic lamina, creating a thin-walled sac that may rupture, causing subarachnoid haemorrhage — a medical emergency with 50 per cent mortality.
arrow_forwardBrain Metastases
Brain metastases are intracranial tumours that arise from haematogenous spread of a primary malignancy elsewhere in the body — most commonly lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. They are the most common intracranial tumours in adults, outnumbering primary brain tumours by ten to one.
arrow_forwardBrow Ptosis
Brow ptosis is the inferior displacement of the eyebrow and its associated soft tissues below the anatomical position of the supraorbital rim. This descent occurs progressively with aging as the forehead retaining ligaments weaken, the frontalis muscle tires, and soft tissue volume shifts inferiorly, producing a fatigued or stern appearance.
arrow_forwardBruxism
Bruxism is the habitual grinding or clenching of teeth, most frequently during sleep, though awake bruxism during concentration or stress is also clinically recognised. The repetitive lateral grinding forces progressively erode enamel, fracture cusps, overload the temporomandibular joint, and cause chronic fatigue of the masticatory musculature.
arrow_forwardBulbous Nasal Tip
A bulbous nasal tip is characterised by a broad, rounded tip lobule with indistinct definition between the domes and soft-tissue facets. The condition results from excess fibrofatty tissue overlying the tip cartilages, wide or divergent lower lateral cartilages, thick nasal skin, or a combination of these anatomical features.
arrow_forwardChipped Teeth
Chipped teeth occur when mechanical impact or biting stress fractures tooth enamel, producing breaks that range from superficial cracks to full crown fractures exposing the pulp. Anterior teeth are most frequently affected, with contact sports, accidental trauma, and biting hard objects identified as the primary causative mechanisms.
arrow_forwardCushing's Disease
Cushing's disease is a specific form of Cushing's syndrome caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. The excess ACTH drives bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and chronic cortisol hypersecretion, producing a characteristic cluster of metabolic, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and psychiatric abnormalities.
arrow_forwardDeviated Septum
A deviated nasal septum is a displacement of the cartilaginous and bony midline partition of the nose away from centre. It may be congenital or result from nasal trauma, and when significant, it narrows one or both nasal passages, causing obstructive breathing, chronic congestion, and sleep disturbance.
arrow_forwardDiastema
Diastema is a gap between two adjacent teeth, most frequently the upper central incisors. It develops when tooth size is disproportionate to jaw size, when the labial frenum extends too far between the front teeth, when lateral incisors are congenitally absent, or when prolonged childhood habits displaced erupting teeth.
arrow_forwardDystonia
Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterised by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements and postures. The pathophysiology involves dysfunction of the basal ganglia motor circuits, particularly abnormal neuronal firing patterns in the globus pallidus interna and subthalamic nucleus.
arrow_forwardEdentulism
Edentulism is the complete absence of natural teeth in one or both dental arches. Following tooth loss, alveolar bone resorbs progressively without masticatory stimulation, reducing ridge height and width over time. This atrophy complicates implant-based restoration and alters facial proportions through collapse of the vertical dimension of occlusion.
arrow_forwardEssential Tremor
Essential tremor (ET) is the most common adult movement disorder, affecting approximately 5 per cent of the population over age 65. It is characterised by an 8–12 Hz postural and kinetic tremor of the upper limbs, though the head, voice, trunk, and lower limbs may also be involved.
arrow_forwardGingival Recession
Gingival recession is the apical displacement of the gingival margin from the cementoenamel junction, exposing root cementum to the oral environment. It results from periodontal disease, traumatic brushing technique, thin gingival biotype, orthodontic tooth movement beyond bone boundaries, or abnormal frenum attachments exerting continuous tension on the marginal gingiva.
arrow_forwardGlioma
Glioma is a primary central nervous system tumour arising from glial cells — astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. Gliomas are classified by WHO grade (I–IV), with grade IV glioblastoma being the most aggressive and most common malignant primary brain tumour in adults.
arrow_forwardGlomus Jugulare
Glomus jugulare tumours are paragangliomas arising from the paraganglionic tissue of the jugular bulb at the skull base. These are highly vascular, slow-growing, usually benign tumours that progressively invade the temporal bone, compressing the lower cranial nerves (IX–XII) and adjacent neurovascular structures.
arrow_forwardGummy Smile
A gummy smile, clinically termed excessive gingival display, is defined by the exposure of more than three millimetres of gingival tissue above the upper incisors when smiling. It results from altered passive eruption, dentoalveolar extrusion, a hyperactive upper lip, or vertical maxillary excess of the jaw.
arrow_forwardHemangioblastoma
Hemangioblastoma is a benign WHO Grade I vascular tumour of the central nervous system, most commonly arising in the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. These tumours are composed of neoplastic stromal cells within a dense network of capillary-like vessels, accounting for 2 per cent of all intracranial tumours.
arrow_forwardHemifacial Spasm
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a chronic condition characterised by unilateral, involuntary, intermittent contractions of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). The most common cause is vascular compression of the facial nerve at its root entry zone by a tortuous or ectatic artery — typically the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
arrow_forwardHerniated Disc
A herniated disc is the displacement of nucleus pulposus material through a tear in the annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc. The extruded material may impinge on spinal nerve roots or the spinal cord itself, producing radicular pain, sensory disturbance, and motor deficits corresponding to the compressed neural structures.
arrow_forwardJaw Bone Loss
Jaw bone loss, or alveolar atrophy, is the progressive resorption of ridge bone following tooth extraction, chronic periodontitis, or long-term denture use. Bone volume diminishes in height and width, and maxillary sinus pneumatisation further reduces available bone in the upper posterior jaw, preventing implant placement without prior augmentation.
arrow_forwardJowls & Neck Laxity
Jowls and neck laxity are the inferior descent of the cheek and jawline soft tissues caused by progressive weakening of the facial retaining ligaments — particularly the zygomatic, masseteric, and mandibular ligaments — combined with volume depletion of the deep fat compartments and skin elasticity loss.
arrow_forwardMeningioma
Meningioma is a primary brain tumour originating in the meninges, the three-layered membrane enclosing the brain and spinal cord. Most cases are WHO Grade I (benign) and grow slowly over years. Approximately 37% of all diagnosed primary brain tumours are meningiomas, making them the most common intracranial tumour type.
arrow_forwardMicrodontia
Microdontia is a developmental anomaly where one or more teeth are abnormally small relative to the jaw and adjacent dentition. It most often affects the maxillary lateral incisor, producing a characteristic peg-shaped crown, and may appear as an isolated finding or as part of a broader syndrome affecting multiple teeth.
arrow_forwardMidface Sagging
Midface sagging is the descent of the malar fat pad and overlying soft tissues of the cheek due to progressive attenuation of the zygomatic retaining ligaments and the orbitomalar ligament. This produces flattening of the cheek eminence, deepening of the nasolabial fold, and elongation of the midface.
arrow_forwardParkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to depletion of striatal dopamine and the classic triad of bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor.
arrow_forwardPeriodontitis
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and root cementum. Initiated by subgingival bacterial biofilm, the condition progresses from gingivitis through pocket formation to irreversible bone loss and, without treatment, eventual tooth mobility and extraction.
arrow_forwardPituitary Adenoma
Pituitary adenomas are benign neoplasms arising from the hormone-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland. They are classified by size (microadenoma under 1 cm, macroadenoma 1 cm or larger) and by hormonal activity (functional vs non-functional), with prolactinomas being the most common subtype.
arrow_forwardProminent Ears
Prominent ears are the most common congenital auricular deformity, characterised by an underdeveloped antihelical fold and a conchoscaphal angle exceeding 90 degrees, causing the ear to project more than 20 mm from the mastoid scalp. The condition affects approximately 5 per cent of the population and significantly impacts facial aesthetics and psychological well-being.
arrow_forwardSevere Tooth Decay
Severe dental caries is the progressive bacterial destruction of tooth hard tissue, advancing from enamel demineralisation through dentine and into the pulp chamber. At advanced stages, the entire clinical crown may be compromised and periapical infection indicates that surrounding bone has become involved in the pathological process.
arrow_forwardSeverely Stained Teeth
Severe dental staining is a clinically significant discolouration of tooth enamel or dentine caused by extrinsic factors such as chronic coffee, tea, and tobacco use, or by intrinsic factors including tetracycline antibiotic exposure during tooth development, fluorosis, or pulp necrosis following dental trauma.
arrow_forwardSpinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis is the pathological narrowing of the spinal canal, lateral recesses, and neural foramina caused by degenerative hypertrophy of the bony, ligamentous, and discal structures that comprise the spinal motion segment. This narrowing produces compression of the spinal cord (cervical stenosis) or cauda equina and nerve roots (lumbar stenosis).
arrow_forwardTMJ Disorder
Temporomandibular joint disorder encompasses conditions affecting the jaw joint, its articular disc, and the surrounding masticatory muscles. The pathology ranges from muscular tension and disc displacement through to degenerative joint changes, producing symptoms that extend beyond the jaw into the neck, ears, and cranium.
arrow_forwardTrigeminal Neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic pain condition characterised by recurrent, unilateral, severe, electric shock-like pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). The most common cause is vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve at its root entry zone near the brainstem.
arrow_forwardTurbinate Hypertrophy
Turbinate hypertrophy is the enlargement of the nasal turbinates —bony projections covered by erectile mucosal tissue within the nasal cavity — most commonly affecting the inferior turbinates. The hypertrophy reduces the nasal airway cross-sectional area, producing chronic nasal obstruction that is frequently mistaken for allergic rhinitis or sinusitis.
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